Task 1 - Exploration



TANG LILIN
 (0376668)

Design Principles
Task 1 - Exploration
3/2/2025 - 21/2/2025  Week 1 - Week 3 

Bachelor OF DESIGN (HONERS) IN CREATIVE MEDIA

LIST



INSTRUCTION


SUBMISSION

Visual Analysis

Phrase 1 : Observation



Title: Urban Nature
Artist/Designer: Antoine Doré
Year: 2022
Size: Unknown
Medium: Urban Nature


The Reason Why I Selected this Design Work?

When I first saw this work, I was captivated by Antoine Doré's use of color and the atmosphere of harmony between human and nature in the image.

What attracted me the most was the bold contrast of colors in the work, which is a signature feature of Doré's work. The contrast between the warm orange cityscape and the cool purple and blue-green plants creates a surreal atmosphere. The use of color to distinguish the foreground, midground and background enhances the layering and three-dimensionality of the image. This design puts me in the scene, as if I can feel the breeze rustling through the leaves and see the plants growing uncontrollably. The black cat in the center of the picture seems to be enjoying the cityscape in front of me, showing the harmonious relationship between human and nature.

Overall, this work brings me a very strong visual impact. Its colors, composition and narrative fit perfectly with the theme of “Urban Nature”. It resonates strongly with me and makes me appreciate nature more and realize the importance of protecting the environment. I hope that in our daily life, society can establish a more harmonious relationship with nature. ( 195 words )

My Observations:

  • Color Palette: The warm orange cityscape, along with the purple and cyan-green plants, adds a dreamy and slightly surreal atmosphere to the artwork. The strong contrast between purple and cyan-green creates vibrancy while maintaining balance. The use of neon tones further enhances the sense of mystery, blending naturally with the black cat at the center of the composition. The cyan-green plants in the midground bring vitality to the scene.

  • Composition: The artist skillfully uses color to clearly distinguish the foreground plants, midground plants, and the distant cityscape. This clever layering enhances the readability of the artwork.

  • Perspective: The foreground plants appear larger, while the distant cityscape appears smaller. Additionally, the chosen viewpoint aligns closely with the height of the cat, creating an immersive perspective. This perspective technique strengthens the storytelling aspect of the artwork.


fig 1.1 Analysis by Rule of Thirds

Phrase 2 : Analysis 


1.Gestalt Theory

  • Closure: the plant in the foreground partially obscures part of the window outline, but when we browse the painting we can still naturally visualize the information in our minds, which enhances the immersion of the reader when enjoying the painting.
  • Continuation: The plant forms and the lines of the window frames guide the viewer’s eye from the foreground to the background, creating a sense of space. The plant forms in both the foreground and mid-ground lead the reader's eye to the cityscape in the background.

2.Contrast

  • Color Contrastcool purple and lime green are used in the plants in the foreground, and warm orange and yellow are used in the city in the background, which form a strong contrast and make the picture very attractive.
  • Texture ContrastThe detailed texture of the plants in the front contrasts with the rough texture of the plants in the center, adding visual interest.
3.Emphasis

  • Color Emphasis: The yellow oranges in the background reinforce the contrast of the black cat from the warmer city, thus providing a focal point for the painting and lighting the way for the attention of the viewers that often subconsciously rest on the cat.
  • Contrast Emphasis: Two light/dark pairs of opposing contrasts: 
    • The surroundings consist of a dark, the city, and light plants which demarcate the center and foreground as being light, as well as the city and building background, defining regions of interest that work in conjunction with the light dark blending differences. These provide emphasis to the focal black cat. 
    • There are dark plants in the foreground and mostly light center plants. This combination will provide emphasis to the center and background parts of the composition.

 

4.Balance

  • Visual BalanceThe plants on the left and right sides of the composition have similar shapes and sizes, creating a sense of dynamic balance. The black cat, positioned along the rule of thirds, serves as a stable visual anchor.
  • Color BalanceCool-toned plants frame the outer edges of the composition, while the warm-toned cityscape is concentrated in the center. This strategic use of color naturally draws the viewer’s gaze toward the middle, emphasizing both the city and the black cat as focal points.


5.Movement

  • Line DirectionThe curving shapes of the foreground plants and the hanging vines create dynamic, flowing lines that add a sense of movement to the composition.
  • Gradual Scale ChangeThe foreground plants appear larger, while the background cityscape appears smaller. This gradual transition in scale from foreground to background mimics depth perception, guiding the viewer’s eye smoothly through the scene.

6.Harmony & Unity

  • Color Harmony & UnityThe composition maintains consistency by using a limited color palette of cool tones (purple, teal) and warm tones (orange, yellow). The sky in the background cityscape transitions from light red to soft orange to yellow, creating a natural and harmonious gradient.
  • Thematic UnityThe black cat serves as the focal point, bridging the natural world in the foreground with the urban environment in the background. Its presence unifies the two contrasting elements, preventing visual disconnection. Meanwhile, the window acts as a dividing line between nature and the city.

6.Symbol

  • The focal point of the image, the black cat, has a symbolic meaning. Ancient Egyptians worshipped black cats because of their association with the cat goddess Bastet, symbolizing protection, prosperity and divine power. In relation to the theme of this piece, “Urban Nature”, the black cat is like the guardian of Mori. The black cat sits quietly in front of the window, like a forest guardian. This suggests that the natural environment in the city is disappearing, and the black cat as a guardian is like a reminder to people to pay attention to the relationship between human and nature.

  • In modern culture, black cats are often associated with independence, self-confidence, and mysterious temperament, for example, in pop culture, black cat characters are usually smart, witty, and uninhibited images. It sits quietly in its chair, enjoying its own world. This may represent the pursuit of freedom in the city, or the desire to be alone in nature to relax and seek balance, as well as the process of pursuing oneself due to the stress of daily work.




Phrase 3 : Interpretation


About the Author:

Antoine Doré is a French illustrator and artist whose work is influenced by the science fiction aesthetic of the 1950s and 1970s, often with a retro sci-fi feel and a blend of punk and futuristic elements, while using a strong narrative and visual impact with a tense use of color. His work is often laid out using a grid system. His work is characterized by clear outlines, subtle lines, and distinct color blocks. His work often contains a sense of storytelling, bringing not only visual impact, but also provoking the viewer to think.



The theme of the work is explored:

The theme of this work is Urban Nature, which explores the relationship and balance between the city and nature. The plants inside the window represent nature, the cityscape outside represents the city, and the black cat in the center of the picture symbolizes the link between the two, as well as the guardians of the forest or the humans in the city.

The work may be a metaphor for the impact of urbanization on the natural environment. With the advancement of human civilization and industrial civilization, there are more and more skyscrapers in the city, and the economy of modern society is becoming more and more prosperous, which also brings many natural environmental problems such as global warming, and everyone is calling for the reduction of carbon emission. In this work, I also see that the author is calling for sustainable development.

The presence of the black cat is like an observer, sitting quietly by the window and looking at the city in the distance. It is like people in real life who are pondering whether to continue to lose themselves in their laborious work or to find a more balanced and natural life. It is a reflection on inner belonging.



The viewer's emotional response:

The contrasting colors bring curiosity to the viewer to take a closer look at the piece. The gradation of colors (orange, pink and yellow) used in the sky outside the window gives a peaceful, warm twilight color, which creates a feeling of rest and contemplation in the viewer, and brings the viewer a calm feel. The green plants in the foreground are full of vitality, giving people a relaxing and healing psychological feeling.







Phrase 4 : Conclusion


Antoine Doré's work is a clever blend of urban and natural elements, exploring the relationship between human and nature through strong color contrasts, clear composition, and storytelling. The use of design principles such as emphasis, contrast, balance, and harmony gives the work a richness of layers, making it visually advanced and appealing to the eye. Not only does it bring visual impact, but it also guides the viewer to think about the impact of modern urbanization on the natural environment and how to find a balance between modern life and nature. It brings viewers a sense of tranquility and healing, immersing them in the experience and triggering in-depth thinking.



Exercise:Design principles

1. Gestalt Theory

Principle of Similarity

When we see elements that are similar, the brain automatically groups them together and assumes that they are somehow connected, even if they don't actually lean together.

fig 1.2 Principle of Similarity
source:BannersnackBlog

Example:

The image features multiple Coca-Cola bottles arranged in a sequence from small to large and back to small, resembling a smiling mouth. Tiny Coca-Cola bottles are placed at both ends to form the corners of the smile.

How to Reflect the Principle of Similarity:

The repeated use of similar Coca-Cola bottles allows the brain to perceive them as a unified whole, forming a smile that connects with the text "happiest" below.



Principle of Continuation

In a design, the eye naturally follows the direction of lines, curves, and paths, preferring continuous flow over isolated elements.


fig 1.3 Emphasis
source:
images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com


How to Reflect the Principle of Continuation:

When I first look at this work, I first see the word “rift”, and then I follow the letter “I” all the way down to the bottom right of the image. This is because in the image, the letter “I” in “RIFT” is converted into a strong beam of light, creating a clear guiding path from the top to the ground. This guides the viewer's eye fluidly through the entire composition.


Principle of Closure

When we see an incomplete figure or image, our brains automatically brainstorm the missing parts to help us put together the complete image or shape.


fig 1.4 Principle of Closure
source:https://vinti7.com/36-disenos-en-espacio-negativo/

How to Reflect the Principle of Closure:

When I first saw this artwork, I noticed the gentleman made up of the outlines of the incomplete violin images above the left and right and the lines around the edges of the image, and the black bow in the center of the image. Even though we don't see the complete image, our brains have helped us piece together the image that is the missing part, so we are able to get the full picture.



Principle of Proximity

Elements that are placed close together are perceived as related, helping to organize information and improve readability.


fig 1.5 Principle of Proximity
source:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/21110691981490751/


How to Reflect the Principle of Proximity:

In National Geographic magazine layouts, titles are positioned near related images, enhancing readability while helping designers structure other elements systematically.



Principle of Figure/Ground

This principle describes the relationship between foreground (subject) and background, where the foreground is emphasized while the background is perceived as secondary.

Three Types of Figure/Ground Relationships:

  • Stable: Clear distinction between figure and background.
  • Reversible: The figure and background can switch roles.
  • Dual Meaning: The image can be interpreted in multiple ways.
fig 1.6 Principle of Figure and Ground
source:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/1116189088900650663/

How to Reflect the Principle of Figure/Ground:

  • The upper part of the image depicts black birds against a white background.
  • The lower part features white raindrops against a black background.
  • These elements can visually switch roles, making the figure and ground interchangeable.


Law of Symmetry & Order

The human eye prefers symmetrical shapes, as they are easier to categorize as a whole, enhancing stability and recognition in design.

fig 1.7 Law of Symmetry & Order
source:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/68046644364857870/

How to Reflect the Law of Symmetry & Order:

The image of a parrot is symmetrically aligned along a central axis. Additionally, the parrot is composed of color-blocked elements, further reinforcing balance and stability in the composition.





2. Contrast

Contrast can make a design look more layered and make content easier to read. By adjusting the color, size, shape, orientation, or spatial differences, you can make important elements stand out more and draw attention to them.

Types of Contrast:

  • Color Contrast: Using warm (yellow) and cool (blue) colors for distinction.
  • Size Contrast: Differentiating elements through scale, focus viewer's eyes on the more important element.
  • Shape Contrast: Using varied forms to create emphasis.
  • Direction Contrast: Positioning elements in opposing orientations.
  • Negative Space Contrast: Using empty space to highlight subjects.
fig 1.8 Contrast
source:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/1116189088900308381/

How to Reflect Contrast:

  • Color Contrast: In the image, yellow and blue are used, a set of contrasting colors
  • Tone Contrast:Low saturation blue and warm yellow-orange, through the contrast of warm and cold tones, can bring viewer a strong sense of emotional impact. Emotional downturn in the blue populace, suddenly in the crowd, there is a bright woman standing in the center of the picture
  • Direction Contrast: A crowd of blue figures is facing away, while a single yellow figure faces forward.
  • Negative Space Contrast: The blue crowd serves as negative space, making the yellow figure the focal point.

These contrasts clarify the visual hierarchy, making the design more readable and impactful.




3. Balance

Balance requires us to make sure and weigh the elements in the design harmoniously arranged to achieve visual balance, if we want to achieve balance, then we must balance all the objects in the picture, colors, textures, and the elements between the elements of the static and movement.

Types of Balance:

  • Symmetrical Balance: Mirror-like reflection along an axis.
  • Asymmetrical Balance: Unequal distribution of visual weight using size, shape, or color contrast.
  • Radial Balance: Elements arranged around a central point.
  • Grid Balance: Using a grid system for structured layouts.
fig 1.9 Balance
source:https://www.behance.net/gallery/82538423/Balance?tracking_source=search_projects_recommended%7Cbalance



How to Reflect Balance:

  • Asymmetrical Balance: Asymmetrical balance is used in the image, utilizing two large semicircles, and one small circle in the composition. The bottom blue semi-circle serves as the main color support, while the top yellow semi-circle and purple circle are placed above the blue semi-circle in varying degrees of inclination to achieve visual balance.
  • Color Balance: Dark blue, yellow and purple are used in the image, with strong contrasts between the three colors. The background, on the other hand, utilizes a light pink color. The dark blue shape is large, while the yellow semi-circle and purple circle above it are small and lightweight. This arrangement of color distribution also achieves visual balance while such a contrast of warm and cool colors maintains the overall color harmony.
  • In addition, the text Balance at the bottom left of the image is underlined. Together with the tilt of the three geometric shapes, I think the visual balance is also achieved.



4. Emphasis

Emphasis draws attention to a specific element by making it more visually prominent.This allows the viewer to quickly perceive the focus point in the frame.

Types of Emphasis:

  • Color Emphasis: Using bright or contrasting colors. Contrasting two colors that are far apart on the color wheel, such as contrasting and contrasting colors, to make elements more visually appealing.
  • Size Emphasis: Enlarging important elements.By increasing the size of certain important elements, make them visually appealing.
  • Shape Emphasis:Utilizing different shapes or forms to create visual interest. For example, in a piece of artwork, the left and right elements are triangles, while the emphasized subject is a circle.
  • Direction Emphasis:Change the direction of the emphasized subject to create contrast in the image. For example, in a work where all the elements are arranged horizontally and the emphasized subject is arranged vertically.
fig 1.10 Emphasis
source:
trufcreative.com

How to Reflect Emphasis:

  • The red and black circular elements in the lower right corner create a focal point.
  • Color Emphasis: The background is off-white, while red and black elements create high contrast.
  • Contrast Emphasis: The design uses strong linework and filled circles to enhance the focal point.

These techniques highlight the eye-like shape, ensuring it captures the viewer's attention.



5. Repetition

Repetition is actually the repeated use of elements like color, shape, size or texture in a design, which creates a sense of rhythm or regularity. This has the advantage of making the important things stand out more, as well as making the whole design look clearer and easier to understand.

Repetition can be categorized into:

  • Color Repetition
  • Shape & Pattern Repetition
  • Typography Repetition
  • Imagery & Icon Repetition
  • Layout Repetition
fig 1.11 Repetition
source:https://www.francesmotta.com/tedxyyc-2018/

How to Reflect Repetition :

  • Color Repetition: The design uses a black background with repeated red elements.
  • Shape Repetition: The red "X" elements in the center are arranged in perspective, creating a strong visual rhythm.
  • Variety: Although the red "X" elements are repeated, perspective is used to alter their size, adding depth and making the composition more dynamic.
  • This repetition enhances the visual unity and allows the reader to recognize the key information in the image at a glance. However, the change in the form and angle of the X adds to the rhythm of the image.


6. Movement

movement refers to the designer's pre-determined flow path through the piece so that the viewer navigates the entire piece in a planned route when seeing this piece. This allows the designer to convey a more layered and logical message. movement gives the picture a sense of flow and enhances the rhythm of the work. It makes the design more alive and vibrant and communicates better with the viewer.

fig 1.12 Movement
source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa

How to Reflect Movement :

  • Leading Lines: The foreground wave lines direct the eye toward the waves in the upper left corner. Wave lines in the upper left corner direct the eye toward the lower right corner of the frame
  • Gradual Scale Change: The foreground features large waves, while Mount Fuji in the background appears smaller, simulating depth and distance. This visual transition enhances the sense of movement in the composition.
  • Rhythm: The fishing boats in the waves are tilted at different angles due to the different heights of the waves, creating a sense of rhythm. The waves rise and fall in the picture. The waves in the foreground echo the waves in the center, creating a sense of movement in the composition.


7. Harmony & Unity

When designing, we can create harmony in a picture by combining some related or similar elements.The types of harmony can be categorized as:
  • Color Harmony: We can achieve color harmony by using like colors, similar colors, or monochromatic colors.
  • Shape Harmony: We need to make sure that the geometric or abstract shapes in the image all present the same visual impression to achieve shape harmony.
  • Harmony of texture: We can use some texture to enhance the harmony in the picture, but we need to make sure that it will not make the picture divided.
  • Harmony of subject and style: We need to make sure that the elements in the image use the same visual language to achieve harmony of subject.

Unity means that the elements in the image are closely linked by repeating colors, shapes, arranging elements in a structured or segmented manner, placing related elements in close proximity, etc. This creates a cohesive and visually appealing image. It creates a cohesive and visually appealing whole. But we need to remember that unity can create picture unity, but if too much unity is created in the picture, the design will look boring. So we also need to control the relationship between unity and diversity.
Unity can be divided into: visual unity, conceptual unity.

fig 1.13 Harmony & Unity
source:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/1116189088900616734/

How to Reflect the Harmony & Unity:

In the picture, a smiling woman with a pretty face is lying among the stars, wearing earrings made of the moon and the sun. Her long black hair is made up of leaves and white stars.

Harmony:
  • Color Harmony: The picture uses mainly warm orange tones. Orange, brown, bright orange, and pink are a series of neighboring and similar colors that form a harmony of colors. The warm colors contrast strongly with the black color of the hair, creating a dreamy atmosphere.
  • Shape Harmony: The hair is mostly made up of different shapes of leaves, although the shapes and sizes and colors are not the same, they bring a very harmonious and unified visual impression.

Unity: Repeated use of orange colors in the picture, the leaf elements, to form the unity of the picture. The leaves are connected to each other to create a sense of flow. The presence of lines in the hair also makes the leaf elements in the hair more natural and visually harmonious. Leaves of different shapes are distributed in the hair, stars of different sizes are distributed in the picture in a staggered manner, and the same elements are arranged closely in close proximity to each other to make the picture more cohesive and form a visual unity. The three cosmic elements of the sun, moon and stars, and the natural elements of the leaves in the hair, together with the slightly closed eyes of the girl in the picture, create a mysterious and meditative feeling. All of the elements are centered around the nature session, which makes the theme more coherent and conceptually unified.


8. Symbol

Symbols are complex ideas that we simplify into impressively simple images. This helps us to convey meaning, cultural significance. Some simple symbols are easy for us to recognize and understand the intended meaning at a glance. While some symbols with cultural heritage and historical significance convey cultural meaning. Symbols are a powerful communication tool in design. Because they can convey complex concepts to the viewer in a clear and simple way, symbols are important communication vehicles.

fig 1.14 Symbol
source:
m.youtube.com

How to Reflect the Symbol:

This is one of the most valuable brand logos in the world, the Apple logo, which is an apple with a bite taken out of it. Simple but symbolic.
Simplicity: Apple's logo has only a simple apple shape with no unnecessary elements, which is impressive and easy to remember. The Apple logo reduces the complex concept of a creative, modern technology company to the simple image of an apple with a bite taken out of it. The lines are smooth, the shapes are simple and all the curves use the golden ratio principle, which makes the whole design more elegant.
Symbolism:
  • Apple: In the Bible - Genesis, the apple symbolizes the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden, representing knowledge and wisdom. Meanwhile, in western culture, Newton discovered gravity by dropping an apple, so the apple is often used to symbolize the pursuit of knowledge and enlightenment. Therefore, the Apple logo symbolizes creativity and modern technology.
  • Bite: The apple in the logo has been bitten. The words “bite” and “byte” have the same pronunciation, which is a double meaning. Symbolizing the connection between technology and the computer industry.
Memorability:
An apple with a bite is more impressive than a regular apple. At the same time, the lack of any text in the logo, yet its ability to be recognized by consumers around the world, proves that it is a successful logo.



9. Word & Image

image is a direct visual communication tool. It will bring the viewer intuitive first feeling. And typography can be skillfully arranged through the arrangement and distribution of text. The communication between the work and the viewer will be more suitable. So when we are designing, we should coordinate the relationship between words and images to ensure that they each play their own roles and work perfectly together to achieve the effect of enhancing visual communication. the interaction between words and images can enhance the emotional resonance and make the design more visually impactful and expressive. Images and words do not stand alone, they work together to add and reinforce the message and make the design more coherent.


fig 1.15 Word & Image
source:Instagram

How to Reflect the Word & Image

When you first look at the poster, the first thing you see is the cat's wide-open mouth, then you see the text WEOW next to it, and then you notice the text box “cat” in the upper right corner, and the description of the cat in the lower right corner.

The whole picture is printed in a retro dot-matrix style. Simple and practical orange, beige and white, gray and black colors. It is visually more unified.

The cat's big open mouth in the picture and the text MEOW next to it, as if the cat is letting out a loud cat call, the text and the picture have a close connection. It enhances the sound and dynamics of the picture. In addition, the whiskers of the cat seem to be a guide line, which visually and naturally guides the viewer's line of sight from the cat's mouth to the text MEOW. the text in the lower right corner describes the characteristics of the cat, and the same color as the MEOW font, which visually assists the expression of the WEOW text and enhances the effect of visual communication.




Exploration


Two questions arose for me during the course of my study:

1.What is the difference between contrast and emphasis?

2.In design principles, some principles are used to guide the viewer's eye along a path, line, or direction designed by the creator to navigate the composition. For example, the Principle of Continuation and Movement in Gestalt Theory both serve this purpose. What is the difference between these two principles?


Here are the Results of my research:

Principle

Core Differences

Visual Characteristics

Contrast

Contrast between two or more elements

Strong color/shape/size variations

Emphasis

Draws attention to a specific focal point

Highlighting a point through color, white space, or size

Continuation

Visual guidance for smooth reading

Lines, curves, perspective

Movement

Make static images look dynamic

Kinetic blur, repetitive shapes, streamlined design


     LECTURE


    Introduction - Elements and principles of design 


    Summary of Design Elements

    Point
    • It is the most basic unit of measurement in any design.

    • A series of connected and successive points can create lines.
    • A point that moves in space can create shapes in 2D or 3D.

    Line
    • Lines may be dynamic or static, conveying a different emotion.

    • Lines can point descriptions of things and places, hint masses, and express feeling and action.

    • Lines may be combined to portray a grouping of light and darkness, or patterns and textures.

    Shape
    • Shapes are the boundaries of an area that is two-dimensional or the outline of an object that is three-dimensional.

    • Shapes are created by bounded lines or color and texture changes.

    • Shapes can be classified into:
      • Geometric shapes : They are precise and regular.
      • Organic shapes : They are natural and hard to define.
    Form
    • A shape exists in two-dimensional space while a form exists in three-dimensional space.
    • The space enclosed by a form is called volume.
    • In two-dimensional media like paintings and illustrations, form is suggested through light, shadow, and perspective.
    Texture
    • Texture indicates the quality of the surface of the object and its representation.

    • It can be classified into:
      • Actual texture: which is touchable and physically exist.
      • Implied texture: which imitates an actual texture
    Space
    • Space is a term used to denote the region in which every item is located, which may appear to be void or occupied.

    • In graphic designs, space can be divided into:
      • Positive space (filled areas).
      • Negative space (empty areas).
    • Adding dimension through overlapping, alteration of size, and perspective gives the impression of having three-dimension space.

    Colour
    • Color is defined as the may of visual perception based on the light and its waves color as being reflected and absorbed.

    • Three fundamental properties of colour:
      • Hue: It signifies the color (e.g., red, yellow, blue).
      • Value: It indicates the color brightness as a result of increasing and decreasing brightness.
      • Intensity: It defines the purity of a color reduced by adding black, white, or gray.
    • Common colour schemes:
      • Monochromatic: distinctive changes in the brightness of a single hue.
      • Analogous: colors that are next to each other on the color wheel.
      • Complementary: colors that are next to each other, which creates the most extreme differences.






    Lecture 1 - Contrast & Gestalt Theory

    Contrast
    • Contrast is the juxtaposition of strongly different elements.
    • Contrast enhances visual interest, emphasizes key elements, and conveys meaning.
    Gestalt Theory
    • 'Gestalt’ is a German word for shape or form. The gestalt principles outline how the human eye structure into a whole elements that are separately visualized. 

    • This set of rules shows how we break down complex visuals into simpler basic geometric shapes as well as how we resolve and integrate different parts into one coherent whole design.

    Key Gestalt Principles:
    1. Principle of Similarity – The eye tends to group similar elements together as a whole, even if they are apart. The brain makes use of the existing structure to make associations between similar things. 
    2. Principle of Continuation – A viewer will track paths, lines, and curves in any given design. Disconnected elements are less favored than a continuous flow of parts.
    3. Principle of Closure – People tend to prefer when something is whole rather than in parts. Even if an image is incomplete, the missing components will be filled in by the mind.
    4. Principle of Proximity – Related design elements should be placed together while unrelated ones should be distanced. Close proximity facilitates the creation of organized layouts and structures.
    5. Principle of Figure/Ground – The mind differentiates the foreground (figure) and the background automatically. Usually, the figure is more prominent than the ground which fades away.
    6. Law of Symmetry & Order – Elements that are symmetrical are more easily perceived to form a whole. Just like the principle of similarity, symmetrical forms are more frequently perceived as being grouped together.





    Lecture 2 - Balance & Emphasis

    Balance

    Balance denotes how the elements of a work are visualized, which is classified into two types of balance: symmetrical balance and asymmetrical balance.


    1. Symmetrical Balance: This is when the two sides of the work are visually equal.
    2. Bilateral Balance:While bilateral balance is created in the design when elements are balanced on either side of a vertical or horizontal axis evenly, these elements will seem like they have some kind of relation between them.
    3. Radial Balance: Radial balance is achieved when an item is designed with elements around a centered point in which the elements around are evenly spread.
    4. Approximate Balance: Approximate balance is when design elements that look alike but not quite are arranged around the center symmetry line.
    5. Asymmetrical Balance: This happens when one side of the visual unit contains a heavy, important detail while the other side has several smaller details to balance it out. There is no symmetry in the balance; that is why the rational parallels between the units diverge. Asymmetrically balanced designs are deemed more interesting, progressive, and energetic, meaning these types of designs are more shocking and offputting elements to the user's set way of seeing things. It is also harder to accomplish because the designer must bring a large variety of different things together to achieve an equilibrium image body within the working piece.

    fig 2.4 Balance
    source:https://artsintegration.com/2017/09/01/principles-design-visual-arts/




    The Golden Ratio: 

    It also known as φ (phi), its value is approximately 1.618033988749895... 

    The Golden Ratio has always been considered a representation of perfect aesthetics. Many designs use the Golden Ratio to create visual balance. The Golden Ratio can be used to enhance the sense of harmony, balance and structure, and enhance the beauty of the work.

    fig 2.5 The Golden Ratio
    source:https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud/design/discover/golden-ratio.html



    Rule of Thirds: 

    The picture is divided into three equal parts horizontally and vertically, and the subject should be placed at the intersection or along these dividing lines to obtain a more balanced and interesting visual effect.

    fig 2.6 Rule of Thirds
    source:https://visualeducation.com/rule-of-thirds/



    Emphasis

    It is used to create visual dominance and focus in design works.It can be categorized into Color Emphasis, Size Emphasis, Shape Emphasis, and Direction Emphasis. Emphasis helps readers quickly identify the main information in the composition. As a result, different visual weights will exist within the design, making the visual hierarchy clearer. This will create a lasting impression on the audience.


    fig 2.7 Emphasis
    source: Instagram







    Lecture 3 - Repetition & Movement

    Repetition
    Repetition makes a design more dynamic by creating rhythm and patterns in the work.
    Variety is the key to keep the rhythm lively and avoid monotony.

    Movement
    Movement guides the viewer's eye through the design of shapes, forms, lines and curves.
    Create a sense of movement in the picture so that the visual elements appear to be moving.

    Hierarchy
    Hierarchy coordinates the content of the design through arrangement to convey information and express meaning.
    Hierarchy guides the reader to focus on the most important information in the picture first, and then browse to the secondary content in sequence.

    Alignment
    Alignment is arranged by arranging the elements of the design in the same row, column or along a common center. This gives the picture cohesion and a sense of unity of design, and improves visual stability. It is a powerful way to guide the reader's eye through the entire design.


    fig 2.8 Repetition Movement Alignment Hierarchy


    Lecture 4 - Harmony & Unity

    Harmony

    Harmony refers to the selection of elements in a design that share common characteristics to give the whole a coherent and unified look. These elements may be similar in theme, style or atmosphere. However, if all the elements are too similar with no variation, the design will look monotonous and boring.

    Unity 

    Unity is the repetition of some colors or shapes in a picture to make the overall design look more uniform. When these elements are put together in a logical way to achieve a sense of balance, the design appears unified, thus emphasizing the theme. Although unity and harmony are somewhat similar, they serve different purposes in design.

    fig 2.9 Harmony & Unity
    source:https://www.homestratosphere.com/japandi-kitchen-designs/

    Scale and Proportion

    • Scale:It refers to the size of an object relative to other objects. Scale models are often used in architectural design to represent and contrast sizes to create visual impact.
    • Proportion:It describes the relationship between the parts of an object, such as size, color, and quantity. When the proportions of the parts are reasonable, the design will look more harmonious and enhance the overall sense of unity.


    fig 2.10 Scale and Proportion
    source:https://jeffjordanart.com/gallery/nggallery/page/2/image/harvest-ii/


    Lecture 5 - Symbol,Word & Image

    Symbol
    Symbols are signs, shapes or objects that are used to represent something else. They can convey a message or even tell a complete story, and are the equivalent of a piece of text.

    Types of Symbols:
    • Visuals
    • Graphic Symbols
    • Pictorial Symbols: Simplified symbols based on images.
    • Abstract Symbols: somewhat similar to the object represented, but with less detail.
    • Arbitrary Symbols: not directly related to the object they represent, usually made up of geometric shapes and colors, and require learning to understand their meaning.
    fig 2.11 Symbol
    source:https://kreafolk.com/blogs/articles/the-psychology-of-shapes-logo-designs


    Word and Image
    • Images are very important in design, and choosing the right image can help users better understand the concept or brand.
    • Text should be paired well with images to enhance the meaning of the design.
    • Typography is the design and layout of text to convey a message or concept. Choosing the right typeface and layout can help the design to have a sense of hierarchy and balance.

    fig 2.12 Word & Image Poster
    source:https://venngage.com/blog/creative-poster-ideas/


     EXPLORATION

    Week 2: After the last week, I had a good understanding of design principles. 
    Then I had some Questions:


    1.What is the difference between contrast and emphasis?
    2.In design principles, some principles are used to guide the viewer's eye along a path, line, or direction designed by the creator to navigate the composition. For example, the Principle of Continuation and Movement in Gestalt Theory both serve this purpose. What is the difference between these two principles?

    If a design intentionally creates a path to guide the viewer’s eye through the entire composition, should I mention that the work applies both the Principle of Continuation and Movement from Gestalt Theory?

    Here is some research I did to answer my questions.

    First of all, I searched the internet for websites to get an in-depth knowledge of Contrast & Emphasis and Principle of Continuation & Movement.

    These are the websites that I searched to do in-depth research:

    In the INTERACTION DESIGN website, I learned that emphasis is drawing the viewer's attention to a specific element (a point). Visual emphasis is created through design elements.

    In the DESIGNBLOG website, I learned that contrast is drawing the viewer's attention to a specific part of the image, making certain elements stand out and making them the center of attention in the design work.

    In the Lysina website, Principle of Continuation creates visual paths that guide the viewer's eye through the composition, creating a sense of flow between elements.

    In the Toptal website, I learned that motion refers to the way the eye moves across the design. The most important element should lead to the next most important element.

    In online art school, I learned that motion also involves a sense of movement over a static image. This is usually expressed by setting up motion lines and actions that suggest movement.


    In addition to this, I found some works on Pinterest for a deeper understanding.

    fig 3.1 Contrast & Emphasis

    This is a collection of works about contrast and emphasis. The poster about lemon on the left reflects contrast, while the work on the right reflects emphasis.


    Contrast: In the work on the left, we can see the use of color contrast, bright yellow background and blue lemon, the contrast of warm and cold tones, the viewer's eyes will mainly focus on the blue lemon. The blue lemon does not conform to the rules of daily life, which also attracts the viewer's eyes to a certain extent. At the same time, the blue lemon in the picture occupies most of the area of the picture, the other text is small, which makes the lemonposter in the focus. Multiple elements, multiple dimensions have a contrasting relationship, which is contrasting


    Emphasis:In the work on the right, the sea blue color is used as the background, except for the white villain on the right, the others are all black villains, which focuses the viewer's attention on the white villain on the right, which is emphasized.


    fig 3.2 Movement & Principle of Continuation

    This is a set of works about Principle of Continuation and Movement. The photo on the left represents Movement, while the work on the right represents the Principle of Continuation.

    Movement: In the work on the left, Superman is beating another figure in the picture. All of the figures in the picture are in a position of movement. In addition, there are a lot of lines, which are movement lines, to emphasize the rapid beating action. There are also lines of movement on the figures, which are used to emphasize the movement of the figures.

    Principle of Continuation: In the work on the right, you will first see the figure in the middle and bottom of the frame, and the figure in the far center of the frame. Then the curved lines formed by the shifting direction of the tiles lead to the whale at the top of the picture. The whale's tail is attached to the tiles, which makes the image more fluid for the viewer to read. The lines of movement of the tiles in the image, designed by the designer, give a sense of flow to the elements in the image, and based on these lines, we can view the whole work in a more hierarchical way.





    FEEDBACK

    Week 1

    General Feedback: I attended Monday's briefing on time and listened carefully to Dr. Yip Jinchi's lecture. After the class, I studied the pre-record video and lecture notes carefully and created the DESIGN PRINCIPLES tag on Blogger. Organize and write what you have learned in the video on Blogger.



    Week 2

    General Feedback: I attended Mr. Fauzi's consultation on time and showed Mr. Fauzi what I produced in Week 1. Mr. Fauzi suggested me to continue my work. So this week I listened to the rest of the course. I chose a photograph that interested me and wrote about why I chose it. And I studied the work in depth, from the design principles used to the author of the work.

    Special Feedback: After the last week, I had some questions about design principles and I asked Mr. Fauzi about them. He told me that this was the purpose of the task and that we needed to explore on our own, that's why the name of the project is Exploration, he suggested that I could do research to find out more about it, organize my research, and then do some reflective writing at the end. Then I started to make it. After my research, I found the answer to my doubts.




    REFLECTION

    Experience

    This was the first time that I came across the knowledge of Design Principle, and it was also the first time that I learned a more systematic theoretical knowledge about design. I felt a sense of accomplishment when I could see which principles were used in a piece of work. At the beginning, I was a bit overwhelmed by the number of principles. However, during these two weeks of continuous study, I have gained a deeper understanding of them. First of all, I studied the pre-record lecture video carefully, and then I collected the related knowledge about design principle and related websites on the internet, so that I could have a deeper understanding of design principle. In the process of studying, I had some confusions. So I followed Mr. Fauzi's advice: search for more information on the internet and organize it. Based on what I learned, I thought I could have a deeper understanding by practicing. So I searched for images on Pinterest, compared them in groups and studied them.

    Observation

    I realized that there must be more than one design principle used in a piece of work. But that doesn't mean that the more design principles used, the better the design. Design Principles are tools that we should use to achieve our design goals. Excessive use of Design Principles, such as forcing all of them into a design, can be counterproductive. We should make sure that the image is unified and that the design principles in the image harmonize with each other. We should remember that design principles are effective tools to achieve our design goals. Knowing the trade-offs and choosing the right design principles can make the work more expressive.


    FURTHER READING

    ACRL Visual Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education

    Essentials of Visual Literacy Standards Summaries

    Standard I: Imagery Organization and Source Selection.

    Being visual literate means knowing what sorts of imagery will be required for the project and locating appropriate sources, types and materials to imagery, as well as knowing how to apply them appropriately.


    Standard II: Image Categorization and Retrieval.

    The capability to proficiently find, gather, organize, store images, and execute defined search strategies, process images and legal aspects, as well as the technical access limitations of the images are possessed.


    Standard III: Images Contextualization and And Content Discourse.

    The ability of a person to analyze and observe the accuracy of images’ content significance and understand the cultural, social, and historical context alongside images verifications through discussions.


    Standard IV: Source and Image Creditability Check.

    Analyze images and determine image sources with the pictures' validity, reliability, aesthetics, technical, and authority bias potential accuracy for credibility.


    Standard V: Image Integration and Release of Information.

    Possess the ability to change and communicate images for a variety of academic purposes and express such purposes with the aid of other image visual technology tools that will effectively disseminate the images.


    Standard VI: Image Construction and Modification.

    Creatively employ design concepts and appropriate tools and techniques with the aim of improving and evaluating personal creations.


    Standard VII: Ethics and Legal Responsibility
    Grasp issues related to copyright and intellectual property, cite images appropriately, and ensure proper legal and ethical conduct in research and creative activities



    What is Visual Hierarchy?
    Visual hierarchy is a key principle in design, guiding the viewer's attention by arranging and the visual elements in the picture. Designers build a clear visual hierarchy by adjusting the size, color, contrast, alignment and other characteristics of the elements. Building Blocks of Visual Hierarchy

    Size: Larger elements are more likely to attract attention.

    Color: Bright colors are more noticeable than soft colors.

    Contrast: Elements with high contrast are more eye-catching.

    Alignment: Unaligned elements stand out more than aligned elements.

    Repetition: A repetitive style can indicate the relevance of the content.

    Proximity: Elements that are close together look relevant.

    Blank space: Blank space around elements can draw the eye.

    Texture and style: rich textures stand out more than flat ones.

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